Madaidaitan tankunan dandali na BEVs da FCEVs suna amfani da thermoplastic da thermoset composites tare da ginin kwarangwal wanda ke ba da ƙarin 25% ƙarin ajiyar H2. #hydrogen #trends
Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da BMW ya nuna cewa tanki mai siffar sukari zai iya sadar da inganci mai girma fiye da ƙananan ƙananan silinda da yawa, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich ta fara wani aiki don haɓaka tsarin da aka haɗa da tsarin ƙirar ƙira don samar da serial. Hoton hoto: TU Dresden (saman) hagu), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, Sashen Haɗin Carbon (LCC)
Motocin lantarki masu amfani da man fetur (FCEVs) da ke aiki da sifili (H2) hydrogen suna ba da ƙarin hanyoyi don cimma maƙasudin muhalli. Ana iya cika motar fasinja mai ɗauke da injin H2 a cikin mintuna 5-7 kuma tana da kewayon kilomita 500, amma a halin yanzu ya fi tsada saboda ƙarancin samarwa. Hanya ɗaya don rage farashi shine amfani da daidaitaccen dandamali don ƙirar BEV da FCEV. Wannan a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu ba saboda tankunan silindi na Nau'in 4 da ake amfani da su don adana iskar H2 gas (CGH2) a mashaya 700 a cikin FCEVs ba su dace da ɗakunan batir na ƙasa waɗanda aka tsara a hankali don motocin lantarki ba. Koyaya, tasoshin matsa lamba a cikin nau'in matashin kai da cubes na iya shiga cikin wannan fili na marufi.
Patent US5577630A don "Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Ruwa na Ƙaƙwalwa", aikace-aikacen da Thiokol Corp. ya shigar a 1995 (hagu) da jirgin ruwa mai lamba rectangular da BMW ya mallaka a 2009 (dama).
Ma'aikatar Carbon Composites (LCC) na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich (TUM, Munich, Jamus) tana cikin ayyukan biyu don haɓaka wannan ra'ayi. Na farko shine Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), wanda Cibiyar Kwarewa ta Leoben Polymer (PCCL, Leoben, Austria) ke jagoranta. Fellow Elizabeth Glace ne ke jagorantar kunshin aikin LCC.
Aikin na biyu shi ne Muhalli na Haihuwar Hydrogen (HyDDen), inda mai bincike Christian Jaeger ke jagorantar LCC. Dukansu suna nufin ƙirƙirar babban nuni na tsarin masana'antu don yin tankin CGH2 mai dacewa ta amfani da ƙwayoyin fiber carbon.
Akwai ƙayyadaddun ingancin ƙarfin aiki lokacin da aka shigar da ƙananan diamita na silinda a cikin sel baturi mai lebur (hagu) da nau'in nau'in nau'in cubic 2 da aka yi da tasoshin ƙarfe na ƙarfe da fiber carbon/epoxy composite na waje harsashi (dama). Tushen Hoto: Hoto na 3 da 6 sun fito ne daga "Tsarin Tsarin Lambobi don Nau'in Akwatin Jirgin Ruwa na II tare da Ƙafafun Tashin Cikin Gida" na Ruf da Zaremba et al.
P4H ta ƙirƙira tankin gwaji na gwaji wanda ke amfani da firam ɗin thermoplastic tare da madaidaicin madauri / struts nannade cikin ƙarfin ƙarfin fiber carbon. HyDDen zai yi amfani da irin wannan ƙira, amma zai yi amfani da shimfidar fiber na atomatik (AFP) don kera duk tankunan da aka haɗa da thermoplastic.
Daga aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na Thiokol Corp. zuwa "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel" a cikin 1995 zuwa Jamus Patent DE19749950C2 a 1997, tasoshin gas da aka matsa "na iya samun kowane tsari na geometric", amma musamman lebur da siffofi marasa daidaituwa, a cikin rami da aka haɗa da goyon bayan harsashi. . ana amfani da abubuwa ta yadda za su iya jure ƙarfin faɗaɗa iskar gas.
A 2006 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) takarda ya bayyana hanyoyi uku: wani filament rauni conformal matsa lamba jirgin ruwa, wani microlattice matsa lamba jirgin dauke da wani ciki orthorhombic lattice tsarin (kananan Kwayoyin na 2 cm ko žasa), kewaye da wani bakin ciki-banga H2 ganga, da akwati mai maimaitawa, wanda ya ƙunshi tsari na ciki wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa (misali, zoben filastik hexagonal) da abun da ke ciki na fata na bakin ciki. Kwantena kwafi sun fi dacewa da manyan kwantena inda hanyoyin gargajiya na iya zama da wahala a yi amfani da su.
Patent DE102009057170A da Volkswagen ya shigar a cikin 2009 ya bayyana wani jirgin ruwa mai hawa wanda zai samar da ingantaccen nauyi yayin inganta amfani da sararin samaniya. Tankuna na rectangular suna amfani da masu haɗa tashin hankali tsakanin bango biyu rectangular masu gaba da juna, kuma sasanninta suna zagaye.
Abubuwan da ke sama da sauran ra'ayoyin Gleiss ne ya kawo su a cikin takarda "Tsarin Ci gaban Tushen Cubic Matsi tare da Bars" na Gleiss et al. a ECCM20 (26-30 ga Yuni, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland). A cikin wannan labarin, ta buga wani bincike na TUM da Michael Roof da Sven Zaremba suka buga, wanda ya gano cewa jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba mai siffar sukari tare da tashin hankali yana haɗa bangarorin rectangular ya fi dacewa fiye da ƙananan silinda da yawa waɗanda suka dace da sararin baturi, yana samar da kusan 25. % Kara. sararin ajiya.
A cewar Gleiss, matsalar shigar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan nau'in silinda 4 a cikin akwati mai lebur ita ce "ƙarar da ke tsakanin silinda ya ragu sosai kuma tsarin yana da babban fili na H2 gas. Gabaɗaya, tsarin yana ba da ƙarancin ajiya fiye da tulun cubic."
Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli tare da na'ura mai siffar sukari na tanki. "Tabbas, saboda matsewar iskar gas, kuna buƙatar yin tir da sojojin da suke lanƙwasawa akan bangon falon," in ji Gleiss. "Don wannan, kuna buƙatar tsarin ƙarfafawa wanda ke haɗa ciki zuwa bangon tanki. Amma hakan yana da wahala a yi da abubuwan da aka haɗa.”
Glace da tawagarta sun yi ƙoƙarin haɗa sandunan ƙarfafa tashin hankali a cikin jirgin ruwa ta hanyar da za ta dace da tsarin iska na filament. "Wannan yana da mahimmanci don samar da girma mai girma," in ji ta, "kuma yana ba mu damar tsara tsarin jujjuyawar ganuwar ganuwar don inganta yanayin fiber ga kowane kaya a yankin."
Matakai huɗu don yin tanki mai cubic gwaji don aikin P4H. Hoton hoto: "Haɓaka tsarin samarwa don tasoshin matsa lamba mai siffar sukari tare da takalmin gyaran kafa", Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, Aikin Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Yuni 2022.
Don cimma kan sarkar, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka sabon ra'ayi wanda ya ƙunshi manyan matakai huɗu, kamar yadda aka nuna a sama. Tashin hankali struts, wanda aka nuna a cikin baƙar fata akan matakan, wani tsari ne da aka riga aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da hanyoyin da aka ɗauka daga aikin MAI Skelett. Don wannan aikin, BMW ya ƙera “tsarin” gilashin iska ta amfani da sandunan pultrusion masu ƙarfafa fiber guda huɗu, waɗanda aka ƙera su zuwa firam ɗin filastik.
Firam ɗin tankin mai cubic gwaji. Sassan kwarangwal na hexagonal 3D da aka buga ta TUM ta amfani da filament PLA mara ƙarfi (saman), saka CF/PA6 pultrusion sanduna a matsayin takalmin gyare-gyaren tashin hankali (tsakiyar) sannan kuma a nannade filament a kusa da takalmin gyaran kafa (kasa). Hoton hoto: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
"Ma'anar ita ce za ku iya gina firam na tanki mai siffar sukari a matsayin tsari na zamani," in ji Glace. "Waɗannan kayayyaki ana sanya su a cikin kayan aiki na gyare-gyare, ana sanya matakan tashin hankali a cikin firam ɗin, sannan ana amfani da hanyar MAI Skelett a kusa da struts don haɗa su da sassan sassan." Hanyar samar da taro, wanda ya haifar da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin maɗaukaki ko cibiya don nannade harsashi mai haɗaɗɗun tankin ajiya.
TUM ta tsara firam ɗin tanki a matsayin "matashi" mai siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar . Hakanan an buga ramukan waɗannan rakuman 3D. "Don tankin gwajin mu na farko, mu 3D buga sassan firam ɗin hexagonal ta amfani da polylactic acid [PLA, thermoplastic na tushen halittu] saboda yana da sauƙi kuma mai arha," in ji Glace.
Ƙungiyar ta sayi 68 pultruded carbon fiber ƙarfafa polyamide 6 (PA6) sanduna daga SGL Carbon (Meitingen, Jamus) don amfani a matsayin dangantaka. "Don gwada manufar, ba mu yi wani gyare-gyare ba," in ji Gleiss, "amma kawai mun saka sararin samaniya a cikin firam ɗin bugu na zuma na 3D kuma mun manne su da manne epoxy. Wannan sai ya samar da wani mandrel don jujjuya tanki. " Ta lura cewa ko da yake waɗannan sanduna suna da sauƙin iskar, akwai wasu matsaloli masu mahimmanci waɗanda za a bayyana su nan gaba.
"A mataki na farko, manufarmu ita ce nuna haɓakar ƙira da kuma gano matsaloli a cikin ra'ayi na samarwa," in ji Gleiss. "Don haka tashin hankali struts yana fitowa daga saman tsarin kwarangwal, kuma muna haɗa filayen carbon zuwa wannan ainihin ta amfani da iska mai laushi. Bayan haka, a mataki na uku, muna lanƙwasa kan kowane sandar taye. thermoplastic, don haka kawai mukan yi amfani da zafi don sake fasalin kan ta yadda ya daidaita kuma ya kulle cikin farkon Layer na nannade. Sa'an nan kuma mu ci gaba da sake nannade tsarin ta yadda madaidaicin ƙwanƙwasa ya kasance a rufe a cikin tanki. laminate a kan ganuwar.
Spacer hula don iska. TUM tana amfani da iyakoki na filastik a ƙarshen sandunan tashin hankali don hana zaruruwa daga tangling yayin iskan filament. Hoton hoto: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
Glace ya nanata cewa wannan tanki na farko hujja ce ta ra'ayi. "Amfani da bugu na 3D da manne kawai don gwaji na farko ne kuma ya ba mu ra'ayi na kaɗan daga cikin matsalolin da muka fuskanta. Misali, yayin da ake iska, ana kama filament ɗin ta ƙarshen sandunan tashin hankali, suna haifar da karyewar fiber, lalata fiber, da rage adadin fiber don magance wannan. mun yi amfani da ƴan filasta a matsayin kayan aikin masana'antu waɗanda aka sanya a kan sandunan kafin mataki na farko na iska. Sa'an nan, lokacin da aka yi laminate na ciki, mun cire waɗannan iyakoki na kariya kuma muka sake fasalin ƙarshen sandunan kafin mu nade karshe."
Tawagar ta yi gwaji da yanayin sake ginawa iri-iri. "Wadanda suke kallo suna aiki mafi kyau," in ji Grace. “Har ila yau, a lokacin da ake yin samfuri, mun yi amfani da kayan aikin walda da aka gyara don shafa zafi da kuma sake fasalin iyakar sandar taye. A cikin ra'ayi na samar da taro, zaku sami kayan aiki mafi girma guda ɗaya wanda zai iya siffata da samar da duk ƙarshen struts cikin laminate na ciki a lokaci guda. . ”
An sake fasalin kawunan jana'izar. TUM tayi gwaji tare da dabaru daban-daban kuma ta gyara walda don daidaita ƙarshen haɗin haɗin gwiwa don haɗawa da laminate bangon tanki. Hoton hoto: "Haɓaka tsarin samarwa don tasoshin matsa lamba mai siffar sukari tare da takalmin gyaran kafa", Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, Aikin Polymers4Hydrogen, ECCM20, Yuni 2022.
Don haka, laminate yana warkewa bayan mataki na farko na iska, an sake fasalin ginshiƙan, TUM ya kammala na biyu na filaye, sa'an nan kuma laminate bango na waje ya warke a karo na biyu. Lura cewa wannan nau'in ƙirar tanki ne na nau'in 5, wanda ke nufin ba shi da layin filastik azaman shingen gas. Dubi tattaunawar a sashin Matakai na gaba da ke ƙasa.
"Mun yanke demo na farko zuwa sassan giciye kuma mun tsara yankin da aka haɗa," in ji Glace. "Wani kusanci ya nuna cewa muna da wasu batutuwa masu inganci tare da laminate, tare da shugabannin strut ba su kwanta a kan laminate na ciki."
Magance matsaloli tare da rata tsakanin laminate na ciki da na waje na tanki. Kan sandan tie da aka gyara yana haifar da tazara tsakanin juyi na farko da na biyu na tankin gwaji. Hoton hoto: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
An kammala wannan tanki na 450 x 290 x 80mm na farkon bazara. "Mun sami ci gaba da yawa tun lokacin, amma har yanzu muna da tazara tsakanin laminate na ciki da na waje," in ji Glace. “Don haka mun yi ƙoƙarin cike waɗannan giɓi tare da tsaftataccen guduro mai ɗanko. Wannan a zahiri yana haɓaka alaƙa tsakanin ingarma da laminate, wanda ke ƙara yawan damuwa na inji.
Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da haɓaka ƙirar tanki da tsari, ciki har da mafita don tsarin da ake so. Glace ya bayyana cewa "bangaren tankin gwajin ba su cika murƙushewa ba saboda yana da wahala ga wannan lissafi don ƙirƙirar hanya mai jujjuyawa." “Kusulun iskar mu na farko shine 75°, amma mun san cewa ana buƙatar da’irori da yawa don saduwa da nauyin wannan jirgin ruwa. Har yanzu muna neman hanyar magance wannan matsala, amma ba sauki tare da software a halin yanzu a kasuwa. Yana iya zama aikin bibiya.
"Mun nuna yuwuwar wannan ra'ayi na samarwa," in ji Gleiss, "amma muna buƙatar ƙara yin aiki don inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin laminate da kuma sake fasalin igiyoyin taye. “Gwajin waje akan injin gwaji. Kuna fitar da sararin samaniya daga cikin laminate kuma ku gwada nauyin injin da waɗannan haɗin gwiwar zasu iya jurewa. "
Wannan bangare na aikin Polymers4Hydrogen za a kammala shi a ƙarshen 2023, lokacin da Gleis ke fatan kammala tankin nuni na biyu. Abin sha'awa shine, ƙira a yau suna amfani da ingantattun gyare-gyaren thermoplastics a cikin firam da abubuwan thermoset a cikin ganuwar tanki. Shin za a yi amfani da wannan tsarin haɗakarwa a cikin tankin nuni na ƙarshe? "Iya," in ji Grace. Abokan hulɗarmu a cikin aikin Polymers4Hydrogen suna haɓaka resin epoxy da sauran kayan aikin matrix tare da ingantattun kaddarorin shinge na hydrogen. Ta lissafa abokan hulɗa guda biyu da ke aiki akan wannan aikin, PCCL da Jami'ar Tampere (Tampere, Finland).
Gleiss da tawagarta kuma sun yi musayar bayanai tare da tattauna ra'ayoyi tare da Jaeger akan aikin HyDDen na biyu daga tankin haɗakarwa na LCC.
Jaeger ya ce "Za mu kera wani jirgin ruwa mai tsafta don gudanar da bincike kan jirage marasa matuka," in ji Jaeger. "Wannan haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin sassan biyu na Aerospace da Geodetic Department of TUM - LCC da Sashen Fasaha na Helicopter (HT). Za a kammala aikin a ƙarshen 2024 kuma a halin yanzu muna kammala jirgin ruwa. wani zane wanda ya fi tsarin sararin samaniya da mota. Bayan wannan matakin farko na ra'ayi, mataki na gaba shine yin cikakken tsarin ƙirar ƙira da kuma hasashen aikin shingen tsarin bango."
Ya ci gaba da cewa "Dukkan ra'ayin shine a samar da jirgin sama mara matuki tare da matasan man fetur da kuma tsarin motsa batir," in ji shi. Zai yi amfani da baturin yayin babban lodin wutar lantarki (watau tashi da saukarwa) sannan kuma ya canza zuwa tantanin mai a lokacin hawan nauyi. "Rundunar HT ta riga ta sami jirgi mara matuki na bincike kuma ta sake fasalin wutar lantarki don amfani da duka batura da ƙwayoyin mai," in ji Yeager. "Sun kuma sayi tankin CGH2 don gwada wannan watsawa."
"Tawagar ta na da alhakin gina samfurin tanki mai matsa lamba wanda zai dace, amma ba saboda batutuwan marufi da tankin siliki zai haifar ba," in ji shi. “Tsaki mai laushi baya bayar da juriyar iska. Don haka za ku sami kyakkyawan aikin jirgin." Girman tanki kusan. 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Cikakken tanki mai yarda da thermoplastic AFP. Don aikin HyDDen, ƙungiyar LCC a TUM ta fara bincikar irin wannan hanyar da Glace ta yi amfani da ita (a sama), amma sai ta koma hanyar da ta dace ta hanyar amfani da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na tsarin, wanda aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da AFP (a kasa). Hoton hoto: Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich LCC.
"Wani ra'ayi yana kama da tsarin Elisabeth [Gleiss]," in ji Yager, "don sanya takalmin gyare-gyaren tashin hankali a bangon jirgin ruwa don rama babban ƙarfin lanƙwasa. Koyaya, maimakon yin amfani da tsarin iska don yin tanki, muna amfani da AFP. Sabili da haka, mun yi tunani game da ƙirƙirar sashe daban na jirgin ruwa, wanda aka riga an haɗa racks. Wannan tsarin ya ba ni damar haɗa yawancin waɗannan kayan haɗin gwiwar sannan in yi amfani da iyakar iyaka don rufe komai kafin iskar AFP ta ƙarshe. "
"Muna ƙoƙarin kammala irin wannan ra'ayi," in ji shi, "kuma muna fara gwada zaɓin kayan aiki, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci don tabbatar da juriya mai mahimmanci ga shigar da iskar gas H2. Don wannan, galibi muna amfani da kayan thermoplastic kuma muna aiki akan nau'ikan yadda kayan zasu shafi wannan halayen haɓakawa da sarrafawa a cikin injin AFP. Yana da mahimmanci a gane ko maganin zai yi tasiri kuma idan ana buƙatar duk wani aiki bayan aiki. Muna kuma son sanin ko tarin tarin abubuwa daban-daban za su yi tasiri kan ratsawar hydrogen ta cikin jirgin ruwa."
Za a yi tankin gaba ɗaya da thermoplastic kuma Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Jamus) ne zai samar da tankin. "Za mu yi amfani da kayan aikinsu na PPS [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] da LM PAEK [ƙananan narkewar polyaryl ketone]," in ji Yager. "Sa'an nan kuma ana yin kwatancen don ganin wanne ya fi dacewa don kariya ta shiga da kuma samar da sassa tare da ingantaccen aiki." Yana fatan kammala gwaji, tsari da tsari da kuma nunawa na farko a cikin shekara mai zuwa.
An gudanar da aikin binciken a cikin tsarin COMET "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) a cikin shirin COMET na Ma'aikatar Tarayya don Sauyin Yanayi, Muhalli, Makamashi, Motsi, Ƙirƙirar Fasaha da Fasaha da Ma'aikatar Fasaha ta Tarayya da Tattalin Arziki. . Marubutan sun gode wa abokan haɗin gwiwar da suka halarci Cibiyar Kwarewa ta Polymer Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polymer Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Polymer Testing), Jami'ar Tampere (Faculty of Engineering). Kayayyaki). ) Kimiyya), Fasahar Peak da Faurecia sun ba da gudummawa ga wannan aikin bincike. COMET-Modul yana samun tallafi daga gwamnatin Ostiriya da gwamnatin jihar Styria.
Shafukan da aka riga aka ƙarfafa don sifofin ɗaukar nauyi sun ƙunshi filaye masu ci gaba - ba kawai daga gilashi ba, har ma daga carbon da aramid.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don yin sassa masu haɗaka. Sabili da haka, zaɓin hanyar don wani yanki na musamman zai dogara ne akan kayan, ƙirar ɓangaren, da ƙarshen amfani ko aikace-aikace. Ga jagorar zaɓi.
Shocker Composites da R&M International suna haɓaka sarkar samar da fiber carbon da aka sake yin fa'ida wanda ke ba da kisa, ƙarancin farashi fiye da fiber ɗin budurwa kuma a ƙarshe zai ba da tsayin da zai kusanci fiber mai ci gaba a cikin kaddarorin tsari.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 15-2023