Ụgbọ mmiri dị larịị maka BEV na FCEV na-eji thermoplastic na thermoset composites nwere ihe owuwu ọkpụkpụ nke na-enye 25% nchekwa H2 ọzọ. #hydrogen #trends
Mgbe mmekorita ya na BMW gosipụtara na tank cubic nwere ike ịnapụta arụmọrụ volumetric dị elu karịa ọtụtụ obere cylinders, Mahadum nka na ụzụ nke Munich malitere ọrụ iji mepụta usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na usoro nrụpụta ihe na-enweghị atụ maka mmepụta ihe. Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: TU Dresden (n'elu) aka ekpe), Mahadum nka nke Munich, Ngalaba Carbon Composites (LCC)
Ụgbọ ala eletrik eletrik (FCEVs) nke hydrogen na-ekupụta efu (H2) na-enye ụzọ ọzọ iji nweta ebumnuche gburugburu efu efu. Ụgbọ ala mmanụ ụgbọala nwere engine H2 nwere ike ijupụta n'ime nkeji 5-7 ma nwee ihe dị ka kilomita 500, ma ugbu a dị ọnụ karịa n'ihi obere mmepụta ihe. Otu ụzọ isi belata ọnụ ahịa bụ iji usoro ọkọlọtọ maka ụdị BEV na FCEV. Nke a agaghị ekwe omume ugbu a n'ihi na ụdị tankị cylindrical 4 ejiri na-echekwa H2 gas (CGH2) abịakọrọ na 700 mmanya na FCEV adịghị mma maka akụkụ batrị dị n'okpuru anụ ahụ nke ejiri nlezianya mee maka ụgbọ ala eletrik. Otú ọ dị, arịa nrụgide n'ụdị ohiri isi na cubes nwere ike ịbanye n'ime oghere nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị larịị.
Patent US5577630A maka "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel", ngwa nke Thiokol Corp gbara akwụkwọ na 1995 (n'aka ekpe) na ụgbọ nrụgide akụkụ anọ nke BMW nyere ikike na 2009 (n'aka nri).
Ngalaba nke Carbon Composites (LCC) nke Technical University of Munich (TUM, Munich, Germany) na-etinye aka na ọrụ abụọ iji zụlite echiche a. Nke mbụ bụ Polymers4Hydrogen (P4H), nke Leoben Polymer Competence Center (PCCL, Leoben, Austria) na-edu. Onye otu Elizabeth Glace na-eduzi ngwugwu ọrụ LCC.
Ọrụ nke abụọ bụ Ngosipụta Hydrogen na Development Environment (HyDDen), ebe onye nyocha Christian Jaeger na-edu LCC. Ha abụọ bu n'obi ịmepụta ngosipụta dị ukwuu nke usoro mmepụta ihe maka ịmepụta tankị CGH2 kwesịrị ekwesị site na iji ihe mejupụtara carbon fiber.
Enwere oke arụmọrụ volumetric mgbe etinyere obere cylinders dayameta n'ime sel batrị dị larịị (n'aka ekpe) yana arịa nrụgide ụdị cubic 2 nke ejiri nchara nchara na eriri carbon/exy composite mpụta shei (n'aka nri). Isi Iyi Ihe onyonyo: Ihe onyonyo 3 na 6 sitere na “Numerical Design Approach for Type II Pressure Box Vessel with Internal Tension Legs” nke Ruf na Zaremba et al.
P4H arụpụtala tankị cube nnwale nke na-eji okpomoku thermoplastic nwere eriri / struts mejupụtara kechie na carbon fiber epoxy mesiri ike. HyDDen ga-eji ụdị nhazi ahụ, mana ọ ga-eji eriri akpaaka akpaaka (AFP) rụpụta tankị ngwakọta thermoplastic niile.
Site na ngwa patent nke Thiokol Corp. gaa na "Composite Conformal Pressure Vessel" na 1995 ruo German Patent DE19749950C2 na 1997, ụgbọ mmiri gas na-agbanye "nwere ike ịnwe nhazi geometric ọ bụla", ma karịsịa ọdịdị dị larịị na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, n'ime oghere jikọtara na nkwado shei. . A na-eji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ka ha nwee ike iguzogide ike nke mgbasawanye nke gas.
Akwụkwọ 2006 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) na-akọwa ụzọ atọ: eriri filament ọnya conformal mgbali, arịa nrụgide microlattice nke nwere ihe dị n'ime orthorhombic lattice (obere sel nke 2 cm ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị), nke nwere obere H2 nwere mgbidi gbara ya gburugburu. na akpa replicator, nke nwere ihe dị n'ime ime nke nwere obere akụkụ nke glued (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanaka plastik hexagonal) na ihe mejupụtara akpụkpọ anụ dị n'èzí. Akpa oyiri kacha mma maka nnukwu akpa ebe usoro ọdịnala nwere ike isi ike itinye.
Patent DE102009057170A nke Volkswagen gbara akwụkwọ na 2009 na-akọwa ụgbọ nrụgide na-ebunye ụgbọ nke ga-enye arụmọrụ dị elu ma na-emeziwanye ojiji oghere. Tankị akụkụ anọ na-eji njikọ erughị ala n'etiti akụkụ anọ na-eche ihu mgbidi, akụkụ ya na-agbakwa gburugburu.
Echiche ndị a dị n'elu na ndị ọzọ bụ Gleiss zoro aka na ya n'akwụkwọ "Process Development for Cubic Pressure Vessels with Stretch Bars" nke Gleiss et al. na ECCM20 (June 26-30, 2022, Lausanne, Switzerland). N'isiokwu a, ọ na-ehota ihe ọmụmụ TUM nke Michael Roof na Sven Zaremba bipụtara, bụ nke chọpụtara na ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide cubic nwere mgbagwoju anya na-ejikọta akụkụ akụkụ anọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ọtụtụ obere cylinders nke dabara na oghere nke batrị dị larịị, na-enye ihe dịka 25. % Ọzọ. ohere nchekwa.
Dị ka Gleiss si kwuo, nsogbu dị n'itinye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke obere ụdị 4 cylinders n'ime igbe dị larịị bụ na "olu dị n'etiti cylinders na-ebelata nke ukwuu na usoro ahụ nwekwara nnukwu ikuku H2 gas. N'ozuzu, usoro ahụ na-enye obere ikike nchekwa karịa ite cubic. "
Otú ọ dị, enwere nsogbu ndị ọzọ na nhazi cubic nke tank. Gleiss kwuru, "N'ụzọ doro anya, n'ihi gas na-agbakọ, ị ga-emerịrị ike na-ehulata na mgbidi dị larịị," Gleiss kwuru. "N'ihi na nke a, ị chọrọ a wusiri ike Ọdịdị nke na-ejikọta n'ime na mgbidi nke tank. Mana nke ahụ siri ike ịme ya na ihe ndị mejupụtara. "
Glace na ndị otu ya nwara itinye ihe ndọghachi azụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ụzọ ga-adabara usoro ikuku filament. "Nke a dị mkpa maka mmepụta oke dị elu," ka ọ na-akọwa, "na-enyekwa anyị ohere ịmepụta usoro ikuku nke mgbidi akpa iji kwalite nhazi eriri maka ibu ọ bụla dị na mpaghara ahụ."
Nzọụkwụ anọ iji mee tankị mejupụtara cubic nnwale maka ọrụ P4H. Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: "Mmepe usoro mmepụta maka ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide cubic nwere ihe nkwado", Mahadum nka na ụzụ nke Munich, Polymers4Hydrogen Project, ECCM20, June 2022.
Iji nweta on-agbụ, otu ahụ ewepụtala echiche ọhụrụ nke nwere isi nzọụkwụ anọ, dị ka egosiri n'elu. The erughị ala struts, gosiri na nwa na nzọụkwụ, bụ a prefabricated etiti Ọdịdị emepụtara iji ụzọ e si Mai Skelett oru ngo. Maka oru ngo a, BMW weputara “framework” windshield site na iji mkpanaka pultrusion anọ na-eme ka fiber sie ike, bụ nke a na-akpụzi ya ka ọ bụrụ etiti rọba.
Eku nke tankị cubic nnwale. Akụkụ skeletal hexagonal 3D nke TUM bipụtara site na iji filament PLA na-akwadoghị (n'elu), na-etinye mkpanaka CF/PA6 pultrusion dị ka ihe nkwado mgbakasị ahụ (n'etiti) wee kechie filament gburugburu ihe nkwado (n'okpuru). Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: Mahadum nka nke Munich LCC.
"Echiche ahụ bụ na ị nwere ike wuo etiti nke tankị cubic dị ka usoro modular," Glace kwuru. "Ndị a modul na-ahụ enịm ke a ịkpụzi ngwá ọrụ, na erughị ala struts na-enịm ke etiti modul, na mgbe Mai Skelett si usoro na-eji gburugburu struts iwekota ha na etiti akụkụ." usoro mmepụta uka, na-ebute ihe owuwu nke a na-eji eme ihe dị ka mandrel ma ọ bụ isi iji kechie tankị nchekwa ihe mejupụtara shei.
TUM haziri etiti tank ahụ dị ka “kushion” cubic nwere akụkụ siri ike, akụkụ gbara okirikiri na ụkpụrụ hexagonal n'elu na ala nke enwere ike itinye njikọ na ntinye. Ebikwara oghere maka racks ndị a 3D. "Maka tankị nnwale mbụ anyị, anyị 3D bipụta akụkụ hexagonal frame site na iji polylactic acid [PLA, thermoplastic bio-based] n'ihi na ọ dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala," Glace kwuru.
Ndị otu ahụ zụtara eriri carbon 68 pultruded siri ike polyamide 6 (PA6) mkpanaka sitere na SGL Carbon (Meitingen, Germany) maka ojiji dị ka njikọ. Gleiss na-ekwu, sị: “Iji nwalee echiche a, anyị emeghị ihe ọ bụla akpụzi, kama na-etinye naanị oghere n'ime 3D e biri ebi mmanụ aṅụ gluo magidere ha na epoxy gluu. Nke a na-enye mandrel maka ịgbanye tankị ahụ. " Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na mkpanaka ndị a na-adịtụ mfe ikuku, e nwere ụfọdụ nnukwu nsogbu ndị a ga-akọwa ma emechaa.
Gleiss kọwara, "N'oge mbụ, ebumnuche anyị bụ igosipụta nrụpụta nrụpụta nke imewe ma chọpụta nsogbu dị na echiche mmepụta." "Ya mere esemokwu ahụ na-esi n'elu elu nke ọkpụkpụ skeletal pụta, anyị na-etinyekwa eriri carbon na isi a site na iji ikuku filament mmiri. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na nzọụkwụ nke atọ, anyị na-ehulata isi nke mkpanaka ọ bụla. thermoplastic, ya mere, anyị na-eji ọkụ na-emegharị isi ka o wee gbasaa ma kpochie n'ime mkpuchi mbụ. Anyị na-aga n'ihu na-ekpuchi ihe owuwu ahụ ọzọ nke mere na isi ihe nkwụnye ahụ dị larịị ejiri geometrically mechie n'ime tank. laminate na mgbidi .
Okpu oghere maka ikuku. TUM na-eji okpu rọba na nsọtụ nke mkpara ahụ erughị ala iji gbochie eriri ndị ahụ ịgbagha n'oge ikuku filament. Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: Mahadum nka nke Munich LCC.
Glace kwughachiri na tank mbụ a bụ ihe akaebe nke echiche. “Ojiji nke mbipụta 3D na gluu bụ naanị maka nnwale mbụ wee nye anyị echiche nke ụfọdụ nsogbu anyị zutere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge ikuku, a na-ejide filaments na njedebe nke mkpara ahụ, na-eme ka eriri eriri, mebie fiber, na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke eriri iji gbochie nke a. anyị na-eji okpu plastik ole na ole dị ka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị a na-etinye na okporo osisi tupu nzọụkwụ mbụ nke ikuku. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe a na-eme laminates dị n'ime, anyị na-ewepụ mkpuchi nchebe ndị a ma gbanwee njedebe nke okporo osisi tupu e kechie ya ikpeazụ. "
Ndị otu ahụ nwalere ọnọdụ nrụgharị dị iche iche. “Ndị na-ele anya gburugburu na-arụ ọrụ kacha mma,” ka Grace na-ekwu. "Ọzọkwa, n'oge usoro nhazi, anyị na-eji ngwá ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ gbanwetụrụ iji tinye okpomọkụ ma mezie njedebe nke eriri eriri. N'ime echiche mmepụta ihe dị ukwuu, ị ga-enwe otu ngwá ọrụ buru ibu nke nwere ike ịkpụzi ma mepụta njedebe niile nke struts n'ime ime imecha laminate n'otu oge. . ”
Akpụgharịrị isi ihe osise. TUM nwalere echiche dị iche iche wee gbanwee welds iji kwado nsọtụ nke njikọ ngwakọta maka ijikọ na laminate mgbidi tank. Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: "Mmepe usoro mmepụta maka ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide cubic nwere ihe nkwado", Mahadum nka na ụzụ nke Munich, Polymers4Hydrogen Project, ECCM20, June 2022.
N'ihi ya, a na-agwọta laminate mgbe nzọụkwụ mbụ nke ikuku gasịrị, a na-emegharị posts ndị ahụ, TUM na-emecha ikuku nke abụọ nke filaments, mgbe ahụ, a na-agwọ laminate mgbidi dị n'èzí nke ugboro abụọ. Biko mara na nke a bụ ụdị nhazi tankị 5, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị eriri plastik dị ka ihe mgbochi gas. Lee mkparịta ụka ahụ na ngalaba Nzọụkwụ Na-esote n'okpuru.
Glace kwuru, "Anyị wepụrụ ngosi ngosi mbụ n'ime akụkụ obe wee depụta mpaghara ejikọrọ." "Mkpebi dị nso na-egosi na anyị nwere ụfọdụ okwu dị mma na laminate ahụ, na isi strut adịghị adaba na laminate ime."
Na-edozi nsogbu na oghere dị n'etiti laminate nke ime na mgbidi nke tank. Isi mkpara tie a gbanwere na-emepụta oghere n'etiti ntụgharị nke mbụ na nke abụọ nke tankị nnwale. Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: Mahadum nka nke Munich LCC.
Nke mbụ a 450 x 290 x 80mm tank agwụla n'oge okpomọkụ gara aga. Glace kwuru, "Anyị enweela ọganihu dị ukwuu kemgbe ahụ, mana anyị ka nwere oghere n'etiti laminate ime na mpụta." "Ya mere, anyị gbalịrị iji resin dị ọcha ma dị elu mejupụta oghere ndị ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka njikọ dị n'etiti studs na laminate dịkwuo mma, nke na-eme ka nrụgide ahụ dịkwuo ukwuu. "
Ndị otu ahụ gara n'ihu na-emepụta nhazi na usoro tankị, gụnyere ngwọta maka usoro ikuku chọrọ. "Akụkọghị akụkụ nke tankị nnwale ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike geometry a ịmepụta ụzọ ikuku," Glace kọwara. “Oghere ikuku mbụ anyị bụ 75 Celsius, mana anyị maara na achọrọ ọtụtụ sekit iji gboo ibu dị n'ụgbọ nrụgide a. Anyị ka na-achọ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu a, ma ọ dịghị mfe na software ugbu a na ahịa. Ọ nwere ike bụrụ ọrụ nleba anya.
Gleiss na-ekwu, "Anyị egosila na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmepụta echiche a, mana anyị kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ n'ihu iji meziwanye njikọ dị n'etiti laminate na imegharị ihe nkedo. “Nnwale mpụga na igwe nnwale. Ị na-ewepụ oghere ndị ahụ na laminate ma nwalee ibu ọrụ nke nkwonkwo ndị ahụ nwere ike idi."
A ga-arụcha akụkụ a nke ọrụ Polymers4Hydrogen na njedebe nke 2023, nke Gleis na-atụ anya imecha tankị ngosi nke abụọ. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ndị na-emepụta taa na-eji thermoplastics emesiri ike na etiti na ihe mejupụtara thermoset na mgbidi tank. A ga-eji usoro ngwakọ a mee ihe na tank ikpeazụ ikpeazụ? “Ee,” Grace kwuru. "Ndị mmekọ anyị na oru ngo Polymers4Hydrogen na-emepụta epoxy resins na ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara matrix nwere ihe mgbochi hydrogen ka mma." Ọ depụtara ndị mmekọ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ a, PCCL na Mahadum Tampere (Tampere, Finland).
Gleiss na ndị otu ya gbanwere ozi wee soro Jaeger kparịtara echiche na ọrụ HyDDen nke abụọ sitere na tankị conformal composite LCC.
Jaeger na-ekwu, "Anyị ga-emepụta ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ maka drones nyocha." "Nke a bụ mmekorita n'etiti ngalaba abụọ nke Aerospace na Geodetic Department of TUM - LCC na Ngalaba Helicopter Technology (HT). A ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ na njedebe nke 2024 ma anyị na-emecha ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide ugbu a. a imewe nke bụ ihe aerospace na ụgbọ ala obibia. Mgbe usoro echiche mbụ a gasịrị, nzọụkwụ na-esote bụ ịrụpụta ihe nlere anya nke ọma ma buo amụma ihe mgbochi nke nhazi mgbidi ahụ. "
"Echiche ahụ dum bụ ịmepụta drone nke na-eme nchọpụta nke nwere igwe mmanụ ọkụ na ngwa ngwa batrị," ka ọ gara n'ihu. Ọ ga-eji batrị n'oge ibu ike dị elu (ya bụ mgbapụ na ọdịda) wee gbanwee gaa na cell mmanụ ọkụ n'oge ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri. Yeager kwuru, "Ndị otu HT enweelarị drone nyocha ma megharịa powertrain iji jiri batrị abụọ na mmanụ mmanụ," Yeager kwuru. "Ha zụtakwara tankị CGH2 iji nwalee nnyefe a."
Ọ na-akọwa, "Enyere ndị otu m ọrụ ịrụ ụdị ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide nke ga-adabara, mana ọ bụghị n'ihi okwu nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke tankị cylindrical ga-emepụta," ka ọ na-akọwa. “Oké tankị dị larịị adịghị enye oke ikuku na-eguzogide. Yabụ ị nweta arụmọrụ ụgbọ elu ka mma. " Akụkụ tankị ihe ruru. 830 x 350 x 173 mm.
Igwe mmiri na-akwado nke AFP zuru oke. Maka ọrụ HyDDen, ndị otu LCC na TUM na-enyocha ụzọ yiri nke ahụ nke Glace na-eji (n'elu), ma mesịa gaa n'ihu site na iji ngwakọta nke ọtụtụ modul nhazi, bụ nke ejiri AFP (n'okpuru ebe a). Ebe E Si Nweta Foto: Mahadum nka nke Munich LCC.
Yager na-ekwu, "Otu echiche yiri ụzọ Elisabeth [Gleiss] si abịa, iji tinye ihe nkwado na mgbidi ụgbọ mmiri iji kwụọ ụgwọ ike na-ehulata elu. Otú ọ dị, kama iji usoro ntụgharị iji mee tank, anyị na-eji AFP. Ya mere, anyị chere echiche banyere ịmepụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke arịa nrụgide, nke a na-ejikọta racks. Usoro a nyere m ohere ijikọ ọtụtụ n'ime modul ndị a jikọtara ọnụ wee tinye okpu ngwụcha iji mechie ihe niile tupu ikuku ikpeazụ nke AFP. "
"Anyị na-agbalị imecha echiche dị otú ahụ," ka ọ gara n'ihu, "ma malitekwa ịnwale nhọrọ nke ihe, nke dị oke mkpa iji hụ na nguzogide dị mkpa na ntinye gas H2. Maka nke a, anyị na-ejikarị ihe thermoplastic ma na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche otú ihe ahụ ga-esi emetụta omume na nhazi a na igwe AFP. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ma ọgwụgwọ ahụ ga-enwe mmetụta ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ nhazi ọ bụla. Anyị chọkwara ịma ma ngwugwu dị iche iche ga-emetụta ikuku hydrogen site na arịa nrụgide. "
A ga-eji thermoplastic mee tank ahụ kpamkpam, Teijin Carbon Europe GmbH (Wuppertal, Germany) ga-eweta ya. Yager kwuru, "Anyị ga-eji PPS ha [polyphenylene sulfide], PEEK [polyether ketone] na LM PAEK (obere agbaze polyaryl ketone) ihe. "A na-emekwa ntụnyere iji hụ nke kacha mma maka nchebe ịbanye na imepụta akụkụ nwere arụmọrụ ka mma." Ọ na-atụ anya imecha ule, nhazi na nhazi nhazi na ihe ngosi mbụ n'ime afọ na-esote.
Emere ọrụ nyocha n'ime COMET modul "Polymers4Hydrogen" (ID 21647053) n'ime mmemme COMET nke Federal Ministry for Climate Change, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology na Federal Ministry for Digital Technology and Economics. . Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-ekele ndị mmekọ na-esonye Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH (PCCL, Austria), Montanuniversitaet Leoben (Faculty of Polymer Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Polymer Testing), University of Tampere (Faculty of Engineering). Akụrụngwa). ) Science), Peak Technology na Faurecia nyere aka n'ọrụ nyocha a. COMET-Modul bụ gọọmentị Austria na gọọmentị steeti Styria na-akwado ya.
Mpempe akwụkwọ agbagoro agbagoro maka ihe owuwu na-ebu ibu nwere eriri na-aga n'ihu - ọ bụghị naanị site na iko, kamakwa site na carbon na aramid.
Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ isi mee akụkụ ndị mejupụtara. Ya mere, nhọrọ nke usoro maka otu akụkụ ga-adabere na ihe onwunwe, nhazi nke akụkụ ahụ, na njedebe njedebe ma ọ bụ ngwa. Nke a bụ ntuziaka nhọrọ.
Shocker Composites na R&M International na-etolite a recycled carbon fiber ọkọnọ yinye nke na-enye efu igbummadu, dị ala karịa eriri na-amaghị nwoke na ga-emecha na-enye ogologo na-eru nso eriri na-aga n'ihu na structural Njirimara.
Oge nzipu: Mar-15-2023